Newsletter: Nov.-Dec. 2006

DECEMBER MEETING

WHEN: Saturday, December 2, 2006, 10-Noon meeting, noon- BBQ

WHAT: Deciduous Pruning of Dormant Fruit Trees & Winter Tree Management

WHERE: the Old Mission HUERTA Project Orchard-Garden Mission Santa Barbara

DIRECTIONS: In Santa Barbara, exit the 101 Freeway at Mission Street. Drive north on Mission Street toward the foothills; past State Street. Turn left turn at Santa Barbara Street. Proceed one more block. Turn right turn at Pueblo Street (Pueblo Street dead-ends at Garden Street). Cross Garden Street, and enter the driveway. Proceed 100 yards, take the first right turn at the sign “Old Mission Santa Barbara”.

Drive along the south façade of the mission complex. Park in the restricted parking lot. The Huerta garden is located at the south, lower end of the lot. Take the short path (next to the sports court) down to the Huerta garden.

Jerry Sortomme, manager of the Huerta Project and Huerta Folks (the garden volunteers) will conduct a program on the winter management of deciduous fruit trees, including pruning, dormant oil spraying, and other considerations. The meeting open to CRFG members and interested community members.

The Huerta (who-AIR-tah) Project is a one acre plus living museum, an orchard-garden that exhibits the fruit trees and example-plants that grew from 1759-1834 in Spanish Alta California's mission-era. A mission "huerta" was the site where introduced domesticated and cultivated trees and exotic plants were grown for the first time in the aboriginal, indigenous California frontier. The S.B. Mission Huerta has many kinds of heirloom and modern cultivar stone fruit trees, pome fruits and other kinds of winter deciduous fruit trees that are being grown to view and inspect. A new 400 foot long D.G. pathway allows you to stroll the living museum garden.

A list of Spanish California Mission-era plants that grew in 1769-1834, appears elsewhere on this blog site.

Saturday Program: (weather permitting)

1. Stroll the orchard-garden.

2. Observe the techniques of pruning the various categories of deciduous fruit trees.

3. A Discussion of deciduous pest/disease management.

4. YOU can practice pruning at the site. Bring your own pruning shears, pruning loppers, and pruning saw.

5. Relax and at the Huerta ramada terrace Stay for a BYO-lunch aftermath event. A hot BBQ grill will be available. Bring your own food, drink and picnic supplies.

This should be the optimum time for local winter fruit tree management, usually done from mid December thru mid-February. There are several recognized techniques for winter pruning and tree care. See the demonstrations and practice pruning at the Huerta garden.

Report on the October meeting – Jerry Sortomme

I want to extend the group's many thanks to Pat and Edgar Valdivia who hosted the October meeting in their lush urban orchard landscape packed full of exotic trees and shrubs and of course, oodles of pitahaya (pee-TIE-yah) vines snaking everywhere. Gorgeous, large fist-size blood red dragon fruits peppered the landscape, high and low. Edgar presented a wonderfully informative program on their propagation, culture & care and marketing of this tropical vining cactus. Edgar has been growing their edible zoo of plants for 8 years and cultivating pitahaya for 6 years.

It was a perfect, mild fall day in Simi Valley and the huge crowd of CRFG members from far and wide got to taste wedges of the succulent fruits and, thanks to Los Angeles Chapter, were treated to an outstanding potluck lunch of marvelously diverse food and desserts.

Treasurer's Report

Balance as of October 31, 20006: $ 5308.69

Deciduous Plant Clinic

compiled by Jerry Sortomme

Pruning Hints (Pruning is the selective removal of unwanted limbs, branches & twigs)

1. Know the name of the tree, you must pre-determine the desired plant style or pattern

2. First remove THE THREE Ds (DEAD, DISEASED, DAMAGED wood)

3. Remove: Watersprouts, Root Suckers, Growth below the graft/bud union

4. Eliminate crossing and rubbing branches. Shake the plant hard to “hear” contact.

5. Eliminate weak branch crotches (too narrow “V” intersections)

6. Reduce surplus wood to promote quality production of: fruit, flower or foliage

(keep the correct productive wood: current wood, year old, 2-3 year or older, spur wood) *encourage sustainable fruiting wood, plan for adverse scenarios

7. Pull soil and mulch away from the trunk, cane or graft union

8. Root-prune or grub roots if necessary along walkways, edgings, etc.

9. Delay the removal of herbaceous perennial thatch-growth until new sprouts appear

Maintenance Hints

1. Dormant Oil Spray on leafless plants

   1. use a commercial petroleum based spray or >>>>

2. use a sustainable concoction

example: One Gallon of Water Recipe

1 TBSP Canola Oil or similar vegetable oil

1 TBSP Baking Soda or Bicarbonate of Potassium

1 TBSP Cheap Vinegar

1 Teaspoon, Organic Soap, Safers Soap, Shaklee (3 drops), etc..

2) For existing disease control of Peach Leaf Curl (when the tree is in leaf)

use a mixture of liquid kelp and fish emulsion

3) Topdress the soil with horse or beef manure and mulch over the manure

4) Seed or plant companion or allied plant (living mulch)

Propagation Techniques

1. seed-propagate: cool-season crops, grains and wildflowers. Spore-propagation

2. deciduous, hardwood cuttings: tip, stem (straight), heel, mallet, cane, root

3. layering: ground (branch), tip, aerial

4. division of clumping plants, divide rooted “pups” and offsets

5. bulb separation (bulbs, corms, tubers)

6. runner stolons & runner rhizomes

7. apomixis, detach plantlets from flower heads/stalks or fern leaves

8. spawn, divide sub-surface mycelium mushroom masses. also plug-spawn

9. meristem/tissue culture, specialized laboratory culturing of undifferentiated cells

10. grafting & budding, unite scion wood (the selected wood) to rootstock

Bareroot Plant: Dormant trees, shrubs, vines, herbaceous perennials and vegetable crops

1. judge whether to amend the soil of the planting hole for woody-rooted plants

2. the first watering should slurry the soil around the roots and add a wetting

agent or organic soap to super-saturate the root zone soil blend

3. consider incorporating a wicking stake or rock-stacks into the watering well to

encourage deep percolation of surface water into the soil strata zone

4) consider using the method of, vertical-mulching or compost-holing with a

wicking aide to help encourage expansion of deeper woody root-growth,

hint: grow the roots before you grow the fruits

PLANTS OF SPANISH, ALTA CALIFORNIA 1769-1834

Plants grown in the realm of the 21 mission-chain

Mission San Diego to Mission San Francisco Solano

Plant Groupings updated: 10/14//06

1. Edible Woody Trees, Shrubs and Vines

2. Edible Herbaceous Perennials of Alta California

3. Edible Seasonal Plants, “Garden Vegetables”

4. Herb Garden Plants of Alta California

5. Utilitarian Plants of Spanish, Alta California

6. Décor Plants: Ornamental Plants of Alta California

7. Native California Plants used in Spanish, Alta California

Types of Plants found in the Old Mission – Huerta Project, Orchard-Garden

1. Heirloom Plants, seed of selected strains of mission era plants (i.e., hollyhock seed collected from the Arroyo Hondo Preserve, Refugio coastline).

2. Heritage Plants, singularly unique plant species, varieties or strains that are accurate for this time in history (i.e., ‘Portola’ Sycamore [an ancient Platanus racemosa clone propagated from 6^th Street and the Carpinteria Creek, Carpinteria, California]} and ‘Mission’ olive cutting-wood from Jalama, Bishop Ranch.

3. Rootstock Plants, modern day plants, seedling plants, or selected historic plants are sometimes used to graft mission-era plants onto (i.e., mission plum scion wood grafted onto modern plum rootstock). A Host Plant rootstock may be the site for more than one selected grafts.

4. Example-Plants, some plants are surely lost to history. A vagueness certainly surrounds others plants. Horticultural information was often omitted or loosely referred to, or even misinterpreted (i.e., coconut palm) during those times. “Examples-plants will be planted and noted within the Huerta, (i.e., juniper, loquat, banana, mulberry).

5. Pip-Plants, pips are chance-plants that germinate from seed, randomly chosen selections. Note: most every seedling is a brand new genetically distinct individual. At the missions and elsewhere, even into today, selected “random plants” grew from seed that proved to be “preferred plants”, adapting to the growing site more favorably. Some may have cross-bred, (i.e., native California grape and the introduced mission grape occasionally cross-pollinated). Some plants merely evolved, produced a more favored quality…many heirloom plant-strains developed in isolation and proved to be optimum matches in certain locales, or were favored within certain cultures or societies, and when grown elsewhere, that variant selectivity continued to evolve at the new growing site, as it also did in Spanish, Alta California.

(Group A) Edible Woody Trees, Shrubs and Vines

Almond- [Almedra], soft-shell, Prunus dulcis var. dulcis (=P. amygdalus, P. communis)

Apple- [Manzana], (1792) Malus pumila (=M. sylvestris), juice [jugo, zumo],

cider [sidra], vinegar [vinagre]

Apricot- [Albaricoque], (1792) Prunus armeniaca, tree ripe and dried

Atron? Mentioned but an unknown plant

Barberry- [Agracejo], **(2 native plants cultivated)

1. Berberis aquifolium (=Mahonia a.) – Oregon-Grape

1. Berberis pinnata (=Mahonia p.) – California Barberry

Blackberry, California- [Zarzamora, Mora], Rubus ursinus

selected native brambles were cultivated

Cactus- [Nopal, Nopalitos, Tunas], (1779)

Nopalitos (edible cactus stem-pads), Tunas (prickly pear fruit)

(2 opuntia species mentioned)

1) Opuntia ficus-indica, Indian Fig Cactus and Spineless Cactus

2) Opuntia tuna, Jamaica Prickly Pear

Carob- [Algarroba], Ceratonia siliqua

The cultivar ‘Santa Fe’ (a hermaphrodite cv.) requires a single tree to get pod-fruit

Cherry- [Cereza], Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium: (deciduous), Black Heart, White Heart

Sour Cherry, Prunus cerasus (deciduous), ‘Montmorency’

Capulin Cherry- [Kapolin], Prunus salicifolia: (Mexican, semi-deciduous)

Two (evergreen) native California wild cherry species were sporadically cultivated

• Islay or Holly-Leaf or Holly-Leaved Cherry, Prunus ilicifolia ilicifolia

• Catalina Cherry- [Almendro], Prunus ilicifolia ssp.lyonii (=P. lyonii)

Chestnut, Spanish- [Castana], Castanea sativa

also/perhaps: Chinese Chestnut- Castanea mollissima

**Colossal Chestnut- Castanea ‘Colossal’, a modern cross “example”

CITRUS SELECTIONS

Citron- [Cidra], (1834) Citrus medica ** “Buddah’s Hand” (non mission-era selection)

Lemon- [Limon, Limonero], Citrus limon

Lime- [Lima], (1834) Mexican Lime, Citrus aurantiifolia

Orange- [Naranja], (1792, 1804)

[mission oranges were initially seed-propagated, later grafted or bud-grafted]

Sweet Orange, Citrus sinensis ‘Valencia’ strain

Sour or Bitter Orange- [Bigarande], Citrus aurantium: ‘Seville’

the “Orange of Seville”

oil of neroli, orange blossom oil [azahar]

Tangerine, Common Mandarin, Mandarin Orange, China-Orange- [Mandarina],

(1811) Citrus reticulata (seedlings)

The natural origin of tangerine is China, and first grown in Spain by seed, known

also as, China-Orange. European mandarin seed selections, in time gained the

common name, Tangerine (derived from cultivar trees growing in Tangiers, on

Africa’s north coast region). Satsuma mandarins probably did not grow in California

before 1834.

>>>continued>>>

Currant- [Grosella], 2 native currant species sometimes cultivated

• Golden Currant- Ribes aureum

• Pink or Red flowering Currant- Ribes sanguineum

Dates- [Datil], **date palms are non-woody (monocot) trees

• Arabian Desert Date Palm, Phoenix dactylifera (male & female trees)

• Canary Island Date Palm, Phoenix canariensis

the fruit and sap of P. canariensis could be used, but rarely was in Calif.

Fig- [Higo, Higuerra], (1777) Ficus carica

listed: ‘Mission’, ‘Black Mission’, ‘Grodens’, ‘Burgarotes’

* there were many fig pip-seedlings, maturing into favored trees, at many sites

Gooseberry- [Grosella],

Fuchsia-Flowering Gooseberry, Ribes speciosum (a native sometimes grown)

Grape- [Grano], (1769 in dispute), (1771 verified), (= eating, ceremony juice grape)

[ Pasa] (=raisin), (1778) & [Vino] (=wine), (1778), [Parra] (=grapevine)

[Parra Grande] (=giant grapevine), describes a massively large grapevine

[Aguardiente] (=grape brandy), (1778)

[Angelica] (=grape wine & grape brandy blended) ** ‘Mission’ grape

wine fortified with a blended amount of grape brandy, that improved the vino’s

quality, and transformed the blend into a sweet dessert-type wine, ‘Angelica’

note: European grape stock, (Vitis vinifera) was imported to the New World early

on (1500s) and entered Alta California from New Spain (Mexico). Likely European grape types were: Criolla & Monica; ‘Alba’, ‘Albilla’, ‘Diego Rubra’, ‘Molar’, ‘Torrontes’. Grapevines were typically propagated from deciduous cane cuttings, but grape propagated from seed bred quite “true”…perhaps 60% of the time and inferior culls tossed.** Indigenous (native), wild grape species, and adjacent cultivated European grapevines sometimes naturally cross-bred. An occasional random hybrid cross occurred between Vitis vinifera and native grapes (Vitis californica and Vitis girdiana), and pip-plant seedlings were the result. Rarely these new local California “cross-selections”, gained favor and were added to the vineyard inventory. The Alta California ‘Mission’ grape is likely Vitis X vinifera with New World grape species genetics inter-mixed.

Guava- [Guayaba]

• Tropical Guava, Psidium guajava

also, likely

2) Strawberry/Purple Guava, Psidium cattleianum (=P. littorale longipes)

3) Lemon/Yellow Guava, Psidium cattleianum lucidium

Hazelnut- [Avellana] *(sometimes cultivated)

California or Wild Hazelnut, Corylus cornuta californica

(=Corylus robusta californica) native

Jujube- [Jinol], Zizyphus jujuba (=Ziziphus jujuba)

Juniper, Chinese- [Cada], Juniperus chinensis (various selections and cultivars)

Loquat, [Nispero del Japon], Eriobotrya japonica (many select pip trees)

Mulberry- [Moral, Mora]

White or Silkworm Mulberry, Morus alba (purple and white fruits mentioned)

Mulberry Bush, Morus X alba ‘Geraldi Dwarf’

Black or Persian Mulberry, Morus nigra

Red Mulberry, Eastern Red Mulberry, Morus rubra

Nectarine- [Nectarina], Prunus persica nucipersica **in dispute

Olive, [Olivo, Aceituna], Olea europaea ** ‘Mission’ strain from Baja

[Olive Oil] (=Aceite)

Palm, Palm Tree- [Palma] ** all palms are non-woody monocot plants

1. Coconut Palm or Cocoanut Tree, [=Cocotero, Coco], Coconut Fruit [=Coco], Cocos nucifera **although this tree was mentioned, the coconut fruit was never described. It is virtually impossible that a mature tropical, coconut palm could survive any Alta California climate-zone. Another feather palm, (Phoenix spp.) was undoubtedly the actual sighting.

2. Arabian Desert Date Palm- [Datilera, Palmera], Phoenix dactylifera

Date (fruit), [Datil], adapted to a few selected locations. Ceremony leaf used.

3. California Desert Fan Palm- [Palma], Washingtonia filifera

native seed collected from S.W. California desert oasis groves

4. Mexican Fan Palm- [Palma], Washingtonia robusta

Passion Fruit, Passion Vine Fruit- [Granadilla], Passiflora edulis

Peach- [Durazno, Melocoton], (1792) Prunus persica

**categories of fruit included: freestone, semi-free, clingstone-[alberchiga]

mentioned: ‘Priscos’ (also see: Nectarine)

Pear- [Pera], (1792) Pyrus communis

mentioned: ‘Bueno Cristiano’ (= ‘Bartlett’), ‘Lechera’, ‘Pana’, ‘Pera de San Juan’,

‘Presidente’

note: several “mission” pear selections seem to have additional DNA complexities

and need to be denoted as Pyrus X communis, i.e., the “mission” pear grown at the

rancho Arroyo Hondo, the ‘Padre’ pear, (1800)

Pecan- [Pacana], Carya illinoieninsis (=C. illinoiensis)

Plum, European- [Ciruelo], (1792) Prunus X domestica

Prune (Plum)- [Ciruelo Pasa], Prunus X domestica

Pomegranate- [Granada, Alelilla] (1792), Punica granatum

sweet and sour strains were cultivated, red berries typical, but also white & pink

Quince- [Membrillo], Cydonia oblonga * three types mentioned

Portugal Quince, Cydonia o. var. lusitania

‘Apple’ and ‘Orange’ Quince, Cydonia o. var. maliformis

Peruvian Apple Quince, Cydonia oblonga var.? * a tree-ripe edible, strain

Raspberry, Maltese- [Frambuesa], Rubus idaeus

Sapote, White- [Zapote], (1810) Casimiroa edulis

Sweet Bay and Bay Leaf and Grecian Laurel- [Laurel], Laurus nobilis

Walnut- [Nogal]

English Walnut, Juglans regia ** was grafted to native California Black Walnut, Juglans californica (used as the rootstock for non-native grafts)

**a few random, selected native walnuts were cultivated.

(Group B) Edible Herbaceous Perennial Plants of Alta California

Agave, Blue and Tequila Agave- [Agave or Pita], Agave tequilana

a sweet syrup was extracted, “Mezcal” an alcoholic beverage was produced.

“Tequila” was not distilled until the 1880s.

ancient, sacred “Pulque” was a fermented drink prepared from agaves

Artichoke, Globe- [Alcahofa] (1776), Cynara scolymus

Asparagus- [Esparrago] (1806), Asparagus officinalis

Banana- [Banana] & Plantain- [Platano] (1792)

Musa acuminata (=Musa paradisiaca & M. sapientum), crosses and cultivars

Cardoon, Cynara cardunculus, related to artichoke, but the leaf petiole is eaten

Chives & Cive- [Cebollana], Allium schoenoprasum

Garlic- [Ajo], (1769), Allium sativum

Leek- [Puerro], Allium ampeloprasum

Onion, Globe- [Cebolla] (1770s), Allium cepa

Potato- [Papa or Patata] (1786), Solanum tuberosum

Rhubarb- [Rubarbo or Ruibarbo], Rheum rhabarbarum

Scallion- [Chalote or Puerro], Allium fistulosum

Shallot- [Chalote], Allium cepa (aggregatum group)

Sorrel- [Acedera], Fench Sorrel, Rumex scutatus * mentioned: “red-veined”

Strawberry- [Fresca] * two species and a subspecies were mentioned

1. Wild, Beach or Sand Strawberry- Fragaria chiloensis (native)

2. Alpine or Wood Strawberry, Fraise du Bois-

Fragaria vesca **introduced species grown from seed or by division

Fragaria vesca ssp. californica (=F. californica) *native subspecies

Sugarcane- [Cana de Azucar], Saccharum officinarum * ‘Castillo’ mentioned

Sunchoke or Jerusalem-Artichoke- [Aguaturma], Helianthus tuberosus

* introduced by way of the Spanish missions in New Mexico and Texas,

a native plant indigenous to the Great Plains of North America

(Group C) Edible Seasonal Plants “Vegetable Garden Plants”

Cool-Season & Warm-Season Plants

Beans- [Frejol] (1769), Phaseolus vulgaris * includes: Kidney B., Snap B., Haricot B.,

Common B., French B., Frijol, Runner B., String B., Salad B., Wax B.

Lima Bean- [Haba], Phaseolus lunatus * includes: Sieva Bean, Butter B.,

Civet B., Sewee B, Carolina B.

Fava Bean, Faba B., Broad B., Horse B.- [Haba], Vicia faba

Beet (root)- [Remolacha] (1770s), Beta vulgaris *

Beet (leaf), Chard, Swiss Chard- [Acelga] (1770s), Beta vulgaris **

note: both the beet (*) and beet leaf (**) are the same plant, having two forms

Cabbage- [Berza], Red Cabbage- [Lombarda] (1806),

Brassica oleracea * note: there are many types of cabbages, and many colors

Carrot- [Zanahoria], Daucus carota var. sativus * orange, yellow, red, purple, white

root color variations

Castor Bean-[Palma Christa, Higuerilla], Ricinus communis *note: all plant parts are poisonous *plant often grown as a perennial shrub

**oil is extracted from the seed

Cauliflower- [Coliflor] (1769), Brassica cauliflora

Celeriac, Celery Root, Apium graveolens rapaceum. A variety of Celery species.

Celery (leaf & stalk)- [Apio], Apium graveolens var. dulce (=A. sativum)

*note: celery leaf, celery stalk, and celery seed all come from the same botanical plant

Chard (see: Beet Leaf)

Chick-Pea, Garbanzo, Cicer arietinum

Chicory, Succory- [Achicorria, Escarola], Cichorium intybus

Chili Pepper, Chile Pepper- [Aji], Capsicum annuum

*note: there are many selections and heirloom varieties of “hot peppers”

Corn- [Maiz or Abat] (1769), Zea mays

* note the types: Shell Corn (1779), Turkish Maize (1806), Indian Corn,

Flour Corn, Popcorn or Popping Corn (?)

Ground Hominy- [Masa], Corn silk- [Chichimecan], Corn Husks,

Corncob- [Mazorca de Maiz], Ear of Corn- [Elote], Corn Starch

Cucumber- [Cohombro], Cucumis sativus

Eggplant- [Berenjena], Solanum melongena

Endive- [Endibia], Cichorium endivia

Fennel- [Hinojo], Florence Fennel or Finocchio, Foenicum vulgare azoricum

Fenugreek or Sweet Fennel- [Alholva], Trigonella foenum-graecum

FODDER CROPS

Bur-Clover, Medicago hispida

Garden Rocket or Rugula, Eruca vesicaria var. sativa (=E. sativa)

Lambsquarter, Chenopodium album

Oats- [Avena]

Slender Wild Oats, Avena barbata

Wild Oats, Avena fatua

Wild Sweet Pea, Lathyrus spp.

Spring Vetch, Vicia sativa >>>continued>>>

Garbanzo Bean: see Chick-Pea

Gourds- [Calabaza or Guaje] (1770s) ** not edible (see:Group E, Utilitarian Plants)

GRAINS

Barley, Coastal- [Cebada] (1776), Hordeum vulgare

Broom-Corn Millet, Panicum miliaceum

Oats- [Avena]

Slender Wild Oats, Avena barbata

Wild oats, Avena fatua

Rye- [Centeno], Secale careale

Wheat- [Garzula or Trigo] (1776)

Bearded & Club, Triticum aestivum

One-Grain Wheat, Triticum monococcum

Hemp- [Canamo], (1795), Cannabis sativa **edible seed & cooking oil

Lentil- [Lenteja] (1769), Len esculenta

Lettuce- [Lechuga] (1776), Lactuca sativa **many strains and forms

Mallow, Curled (before 1850?), Malva verticillata var. crispa

MELONS- [Melon]

Cantaloupe (1830s) & Muskmelon (1822), Cucumis melo

Watermelon- [Sandia] (1783) & Sugar Melon

Citrullus lanatus (=C. vulgaris)

Citron Preserving Melon, Citrullus lanatus var. citroides

Mustard- [Mostaza], white & black, Brassica juncea *citrul & pompion

Orach- [Marismo], Atriplex hortensis

Parsnip- [Chirivia or Pastinaca], Pastinaca sativa

Peas (Shelling), Green Garden Peas- [Chicaro or Guisante] (1776), Pisum sativa

Pepper, Sweet (1770s), Capsicum annuum: non-hot varieties, i.e., Bell Pepper

Poppy Seed, Breadseed Poppy, Papaver somniferum * the opium poppy

Pumpkin- [Calabacera] (1770s), Cucurbita maxima & C. pepo : selections

Purslane- [Verdolaga], Portulaca oleracea

Radish- [Rabano], Raphanus sativus

Rape or Canola, Brassica napa

Rice- [Arroz], Oryza sativa: mentioned the Piedmont strain

Spinach- [Espinaca, Espinacas], Spinacia oleracea

Squash- [Calabaza, Zumo] (1770s), Cucurbita spp. : many species and strains

Summer Squash, Cucurbita pepo

Winter Squash, Cucurbita maxima, C. moschata, C. mixta, C. pepo

Sunflower- [Girasol, Giganta], Helianthus annuus : many stains and forms

Tomato- [Tomate], Lycopersicon esculentum; many forms and strains

Turnip- [Nabo], Brassica rapa

Turnip Greens, Brassica rapa

(Group D) Herb Garden Plants of Alta California

Anise- [Anis and Semillas de Anis], Pimpinella anisum

Basil- [Albahaca], Ocimum basilicum

Belladonna, Nighshade- [Belladonna], Atropa belladonna

Borage- [Borraja], Borago officinalis

Calendula, Calendula officinalis

Caraway- [Alcaravea], Carum carvi

Chamomile, Roman- [Camomilla or Manzanilla], Chamaemelum nobile

(=Anthemis nobilis)

Chamomile, German & Sweet False Camomile, Matricaria recutita

Chickweed- [Yerba de Pajarito, Pamplina], Stellaria media

Cilantro (leaf) & Corriander (seed)- [Culantro], **both, are from the same plant

Coriandrum sativum

Clover- [Trebol], Trifolium sp.

Comfrey- [Consuelda], Symphetum asperum

Corriander: see, Cilantro

Costmary, Chrysanthemum balsamita (=Tanacetum b.)

Cumin- [Cominos], Cuminum cyminum

Fennel (Common & Sweet Anis Root) - [Hinojo], Foeniculum vulgare

Feverfew, Chrysanthemum parthenium

Foxglove- [Dedalera], Digitalis purpurea ** (lethal, if misused)

Gama Grass, Bouteloua eripoda

Germander, Teucrium X lucidrys (=T. chamaedrys)

Goosefoot, Red- [Cenizo or Ceniglo], Chenpodium rubrum

Hemp- [Canamo or Marijuana (modern)], Cannabis sativa **note, the female

plant-form provides the source of medicine and can be used as an intoxicant.

* the male plant-form provides fiber for production of: nautical rope, ship sail

canvass, and can be woven into textile fiber, and used to make paper.

Horehound- [Marrubio], Marrubium vulgare **a cough control agent

Indigo- [Anil], Indigofera suffruticosa **a source of dark blue dye

Iris, Douglas- [Iris or Lirio], Iris douglasiana (a native, local species)

Juniper, Chinese- [Cada], Juniperus chinensis (many plant forms and variations),

the juniper berry (technically a minute’ cone structure)

Laurel, Grecian or Bay Leaf or Sweet Bay- [Laurel], Laurus nobilis

Lavender, English- [Alhuecema or Espiego or Lava],

Lavandula angustifolia (=L. officinalis, L. spica, L. vera)

Lavender, Spanish- [Lava], Lavandula stoechas

Lemon Balm, Balm, Lemon-Mint, Melissa officinalis

Lemon Verbena, Aloysia triphylla (=Lippia citriodora)

Marjorum, Annual or Sweet- [Mejorana], Origanum majorana

(=Majorana hortensia)

Marjorum, Wild *see: Oregano

Mints : Mentha spp.

Common Mint- [Yerba Buena], Mentha piperita

Peppermint- [Mentha], Mentha X piperita

Spearmint- [Mentha], Mentha spicata

note: the inter-planting of mint species can result in seed that hybridizes, inter-species

crosses are the result

Molina, Madia Oil Plant- [Molina], Madia sativa

Nettle, Stinging- [Ortiga]- Urtica dioica

Mustard, Black- [Mostaza], Brassica nigra

Oregano- [Oregano], Origanum vulgare * the species is not of much culinary value

Cretan Oregano, or Pot Marjoram or Turkish Oregano, Origanum onites

Greek Oregano, Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, * the best culinary form >

Origanum vulgare ‘Kaliteri’ is a superb selection * dried leaves are excellent

Italian Oregano or Sicilian Oregano, Origanum X marjoricum

Origanum vulgare crossed with Sweet Marjoram, Origanum majorana

Mexican Oregano- [Oregano], Lippia graveolens

Syrian Oregano, Origanum syriacum (=O. maru)

Parsley- [Perejil], Petrolselinum crispum * both the leaf and root used

Pennyroyal- [Poleo], Mentha pulegium

Pepper Tree, South American or Chilean/Peruvian and Huigen Pepper Tree,

Hardee Pepper Tree-

[Huingan, Molle] (1830s) * in dispute, Schinus polygamus (= S. dentata,

S. dependens, S. bonplandianus, Amyris polygama, Duvaua d.)

** An obscure medicinal plant: antirheumatic. Provides aromatic resins. A condiment.

Peyote Cactus, Lophophora williamsii * used in Indian ceremony, an intoxicant

Plantain- [Lanten, Llanten], Plantago spp.

Poppy, California or Golden Poppy- [Amapola or Copa de Oro],

Eschscholzia californica * native wildflower

Rosemary- [Romero], Rosmarinus officinalis

Rue or Herb-of-Grace- [Ruda], Ruta graveolens

Sage, Garden- [Sabio], Salvia officinalis *several forms

Santa Maria? Mentioned, but an unknown plant

Sorrel, Red- [Acedra], Rumex spp.

Tansy- [Lombriguera], Tanacetum vulgare

Tarragon- [Estragon], Artemisia dracunculus

Tarragon, Mexican, Mexican Mint Marigold- [Yerba Anis], Tagetes lucida

Thyme, Garden & Lemon Thyme, Thymus vulgaris

Valerian, Pink- [Valeriana], Valeriana officinalis

Yarrow- [Yerba de Muela), Achillea spp.

YERBA named plants

Yerba Anis (=Mexican Tarragon)

Yerba de Golondrina (=Valley Spurge)

Y. de Golpe (= Horse Nettle)

Y. de Jarazo (= Pitcher Plant)

Y. Mansa (= Yarrow)

Y. de Muela (= Yarrow)

Y. del Pajarito (= Chickweed)

Y. del Pasmo (=Red Shanks, Ribbon Wood) Adenostoma sparcifolium

Y. de Pescado (= Buckeye)

Y. Santa (= Eriodictyon spp.)

Yerba Santo, Yerba de la Tos (= Grindelia)

Y. del Venado (= Turkey Mullein)

Y. de Vipera (= Rattlesnake Weed)

Y. de la Virgen (= Button Willow)

(Group E) Utilitarian Plants of Spanish, Alta California

Agave- [Agave or Pita], Agave spp. * three species denoted

** agaves used variously as: living-fences, as a source of fiber and cordage,

and the tall flower stalks were a source of poles

Blue Agave or Tequila Agave- [Agave Azul] Agave tequilana

Sunrise Tequila Agave, Agave tequilana marginata ‘Sunrise’…décor plant

Maguey or Century Plant- [Maguey] Agave americana

Sisal Hemp- [Sisal], Agave sisalana (=Agave rigida sisalana, A. houlletii)

Arundo or Giant Reed, Arundo donax (1790s)

** harvested stalks: used as a tile roof under-layer,

also used as an overhead veranda shade cover-material

Broom-Corn Sorghum, Sorghum vulgare technicum

** spent grain heads fashioned into a type of wisk broom

Canary Island Pine, Pinus canariensis * (this tree is in dispute)

** mentioned: used in ceremony

Castor Bean- [Palma Christi], Ricinus communis

* all parts of the plant are lethal

** an oil is extracted from the seed, also used as a ceremony plant

Catsclaw Acacia & Texas Mimoso, Acacia greggii

*a native of Arizona and Mexico

** the source of a gum base

Chinaberry Tree & Bead Tree- [Jazmin]

• Melia azedarach (=Melia australis, M. japonica) origin: Asia

• Melia azedarach cv. ‘Umbraculifera’, Texas Umbrella Tree

an escaped form of the tree that naturalized in the New World

** seed pods used to make rosary beads, and the wood is used to

make furniture and cabinetry. Listed as having medicinal qualities

Cotton- [Algodon and Algondonera], Gossypium herbaceum

** a highly regarded source of fine textile

Flax- [Lino], Linum usitatissimum

** fibers are a souce of fine linen

and from the seed: linseed oil, flaxseed cake and meal

Gourds- [Calabaza or Guaje] (1770s) * several gourd plant genera and species

Small Gourds, Cucurbita pepo ovifera

Crooknecked and Calebash Gourds, Lagenaria siceraria

** the dried fruit can be variously fashioned into:

dippers, cups, jugs, storage containers, musical instruments, and

gourd craft fanciers create many art form presentations

Hemp, Indian- [Canamo, Lengua de Buey], Cannabis sativa

* note: only the male plant-form is used for industrial products:

** fibers extracted from the male plant-form was the main source of nautical

maritime rope, and a main source of sail canvass for the tall-masted ships. Also,

plant fibers were fashioned into textile cloth & linen. Hemp was the source of

fine quality book paper and top quality writing paper and gunny sack jute

Opuntia Cactus- [Nopal] *note: the cactus became an essential mission-era plant

Indian Fig Cactus or Tree Cactus, Opuntia ficus-indica

** 1) This sturdy cactus was planted as a living fence and hedgerow to keep

orchard lands, and horticulture crops separated from livestock and predatory

wildlife. 2) Cactus juices were used to create a weather-proofing exterior wash for

abode walls, and a binder-agent. 3) From the leafless, pad-stem of opuntia, came the

source of a superior, “red dye”. Cochinel is a red dye extracted from a cottony

looking insect mass, related to the mealy bug insect. The female cochine bodies

grow on the surface of the pad-stem of the opuntia plant. The insect’s binomial

name is, Dactylopus coccus. It takes about 70,000 cochine insect bodies to produce

one pound of cochineal red dye. A mordant compound is needed to stabilize the dye,

that prevents fading, 4) in times of extended drought this cultivated cactus

was used as a last resort, providing livestock a source of succulent moisture and

emergency nutrients…once the thorns and stickers were burned-off.

Palms [Palma]

The Canary Island Date Palm, Phoenix canariensis,

and the native, California Fan Palm, Washingtonia filifera,

and the Mexican Fan Palm, Washingtonia robusta were each used for ceremony,

a thatch covering for veranda and ramada structures. A feather-palm leaf of the

the Phoenix palm was used as a large sturdy broom.

Mission Pepper Tree or Peruvian Pepper and Peruvian Mastic Tree-

[Pirul, Arbol de Peroe] (1825), Schinus molle

** used as a drought tolerant shade tree, and as a source of mastic glue

Pomegranate- [Granada], Punica granatum ** a source of red dye

Rose of Castile- [Rosa de Castilla], Rosa damascena trigintepetala

(=Rosa d. bifera)

** used as a sacred altar flower and in ceremony. The local California

Native Rose, Rosa californica was a common substitute rose. * Also confused

with the genuine Rose of Castile is, Rosa gallica vericolor, the French Rose

Teasel, Fuller’s, Dipsacus fullonum

** the dried spiny fruit capsule was used for carding wool

Tobacco, Smoking- [Tabaco], Nicotiana tabacum

** used for pleasure-smoking and in ceremony. Two alternative species were,

inferior substitutes: Tree Tobacco/s; Nicotiana clevelandii (native), and

Nicotiana glauca (an exotic, naturalized South American weed)

Native Plants Used for Utilitarian Purposes in Alta California

Alder, White [Aliso], Alnus rhombifolia (lumber wood)

Bay, California or Oregon Myrtlewood- Umbellularia californica

(lumber wood, furniture, wood sculpture)

Cedar, Incense [Cedro], Calocedrus decurrens (=Libocedrus decurrens)

(lumber wood and fine cedar chest wood, wood sculpture)

Cottonwood, Western- [Alamo], Populus fremontii

Cottonwood, Black- [Alamo], Populus trichocarpa (=P. balsamifera t.)

(uses: lumber wood, the inside of the tree bark was a source of saddle salve)

Cypress, Monterey- [Cipres], Cupressus macrocarpa (lumber wood, fence posts)

Madrone, Pacific- [Modrono], Arbutus menziesii (lumber wood, furniture)

Oaks- [Encina (=evergreen oaks), Roble (=deciduous oaks)]

**oak wood used for: (lumber wood, firewood, fence posts, furniture, casks)

Coast Live Oak- [Encina], Quercus agrifolia

* the most widely distributed native oak species growing in California

Maul or Canyon or Gold Cup Oak, Quercus chrysolepis

Blue Oak, Quercus douglasii

Mesa or Engelmann Oak, Quercus engelmannii

California Black Oak, Quercus kelloggii

Valley or California White Oak- [Roble], Quercus lobata

Interior Live Oak, Quercus wislizenii

Tanbark Oak or Tan Oak, Lithocarpus densiflorus

Pine- [Pino], Pinus spp.

**pine wood variously used as lumber wood, furniture and for art work

Coulter Pine, Pinus coulteri

Bishop Pine, 1) Pinus muricata &

2) Island Bishop Pine/s, Pinus muricata muricata & Pinus muricata remorata

Monterey Pine, Pinus radiata

Gray or Foothill or Digger Pine, Pinus sabiniana

Redwood, Coast- [Secoya or Palo Colorado), Sequoia sempervirens (plank wood)

Sycamore, California or Western- [Sicomoro], Platanus racemosa (cart wheel wood)

Walnut, California Black- [Nogal], Juglans californica (brown dye from nut skin)

Willow-[Sauce], Salix spp. (fencing, basketry, wicker, propagation auxin)

(Group F) Décor Plants: Ornamental Plants of Alta California

Acacia, Sweet, Acacia farnesiana

Alyssum, Sweet- [Huisache], Lobularia maritima

Alyssum, Basket-of-Gold, Aurinis saxatilis (=Alyssum saxatile)

Angel’s Trumpet, Brugmansia arborea

Begonia “The Blood of Christ”- [Sangre de Cristo], Begonia sp.(species unknown)

1830s

Buttercup, Persian, Ranunculus – [Ranunculo], (1797),

Ranunculus asiaticus (rhizome-bulb)

Cactus There were undoubtedly other New World cacti genera (other than Opuntia)

that were grown (presumably Cereus, etc), but documentation is lacking

Calla, Common or Calla-Lily- [Aro Pastustre], Zantedeschia aethiopica

Carnation and Pinks or Summer Gillyflower- [Clavel, Encarnado] (1797),

Dianthus caryophyllus & other Dianthus species

Cornflower or Bachelor’s Button- [Aciano and Azulino], Centaurea cyanus

Cosmos sp. (see:Daisies)

Dahlia sp. (see:Daisies)

Daisies (daisy is a catch-all name for: Cosmos, Dahlia and Zinnia)

Datura or Jimson Weed- [Tolache and Mo’Moy (Chumash name)],

Datura wrightii (=Datura meteloides and D. inoxia)

Delphinium, Delphinium grandiflorum (=D. chinense)

Four-O’Clock, Mirabilis jalapa

Geranium, Common- [Geranio], Pelargonium X hortorum (the likely species)

Hollyhock- [Malvarrosa], Alcea rosea (=Althacea rosea)

Hyacinth- [Jacinto] (1797), Hyacinthus spp. * a flowering bulb

Iris species

Douglas Iris, Iris douglasiana * a cultivated native California species

Iris of Yemen, Iris albicans

German or Florentine Iris, Iris florentina (=Iris germanica florentina)

Jasmine, Common White or Spanish Jasmine (1797),

Jasminum officinale forma grandiflorum (=J. grandiflorum)

Jasmine, Night- [Dama de Noche or Galan de Noche], Cestrum nocturnum

Larkspur- [Espuela de Caballero] (1797), Consolida ajacis

(=Delphinium ambiguum)

Lavatera, Summer or Annual Mallow, Lavatera trimestris

Lavatera, Island or Island Mallow, Lavatera assurgentiflora * island endemic native

Lilac- [Lila], Syringa vulgaris

Lilac, Mountain or Ceanothus, Ceanothus spp. * native shrub

Lily, Humboldt (1797), Lilium humboldtii * popular native, a flowering bulb

Lily, Madonna- [Azucena], Lilium candida

Marguerite (1797), Chrysanthemum frutescens (=Argyranthemum f.)

the Marguerite Daisy
Marigold, French- [Maravilla], Tagetes patula

Marigold, Perennial or Copper Canyon Daisy (1797), Tagetes palmeri)

* not to be confused with Tagetes lemmonii (smaller, and more tender plant)

Morning Glory (?), Ipomoea tricolor (=Convolvulus communis)

Myrtle, Common- [Mitro or Arrayan], Myrtus communis

Narcissus- [Narciso] (1797), Narcissus spp. * listed: Daffodil, Jonquil, Narcissus

Nasturtium- [Capuchina], Tropaeolum majus

Oleander-[Adelfa], Neruim oleander *all parts of the plant are lethal

Passion-Flower, Red, Passiflora manicata (=Tacsonia manicata)

Peony- [Peonia] (1797), Paeonia spp. *whether herbaceous or tree

peony types were cultivated, (it is not clarified)

Poppy species

California/Golden Poppy, [Amapola or Copa de Oro],

Eschscholzia californica *native

Matilija Poppy, Romneya coulteri and Romneya trichocalyx *natives

Portulaca or Rose Moss, Portulaca grandiflora

Rose- [Rosa]

California Wild Rose- [Carmin], Rosa californica *native

*substitute for Rose of Castile

Rose of Castile- [Rosa de Castilla], Rosa damascena trigintepetala

(= Rosa d. bifera), confused with, Rosa gallica versicolor, French Rose

Damask Rose, Rosa gallica * some limited success with this species

The Apothecary Rose, Rosa gallica officinalis aka: Red Rose of Lancaster, >>

Double French Rose, Rose of Provins

Cabbage Rose or Hundred-Leaf Rose, Rosa centifolia

(1800), Rosa centifolia ‘Petite de Holland’

Cherokee Rose, Rosa laevigata

China Rose, Rosa chinensis

‘Old Blush’, a selection that was cultivated, aka: Parson’s Pink China, >>

Old Pink Daily, Old Pink Monthly, Pallida

‘Slaters’s Crimson China’, Rosa chinensis semperflorens, aka: >>

Old Crimson China, Semperflorens

Musk Rose, Rosa moschata (white or pink blossoms)

Lady Banks’ Rose, Rosa banksiae banksiae (white flower)

Yellow Banks’ Rose, Rosa banksiae ‘Lutea’

Sweetbrier Rose or Eglantine, Rosa eglanteria (=R. rubiginosa)

Russeliana Rose, Rosa X ‘Russeliana’ (Rosa setigera X Rosa ?), aka:

Old Spanish Rose, Russel’s Cottage, Scarlet Grevillea, >>>

Souvenir De La Bataille De Morengo **(a ramblerrose, multiflora rambler)

Scabiosa or Pincushion Flower

Annual Pincushion or Morning Bride, Scabiosa atropurpurea (=S. grandiflora)

Perennial Pincushion, Scabiosa caucasica & Scabiosa columbaria

Snail Vine or Snail Flower- [Caracol], Vigna caracalla (=Phaseolus caracalla)

Stock or Winter Gilly Flower, Matthiola incana

Sweet Pea

Perennial Sweet Pea, Lathyrus latifolius

Pride of California, Lathyrus splendens *native, perennial

Annual Sweet Pea, Lathyrus odoratus

Tuberose, Mexican, Polianthes tuberosa

Valerian or Garden Heliotrope- [Valeriana], Valeriana officinalis

also and perhaps, Red Valerian or Jupiter’s Beard, Centranthus ruber (=V. rubra)

Violet, Sweet- [Violado], Viola odorata

Wallflower, English- [Alheli], Erysimum cheri (=Cheiranthus cheri)

Zinnia sp. (see: Daisies), Zinnia elegans & Zinnia tenuiflora

(Group G) Native Plants used in Spanish, Alta California

Acacia greggii, Catsclaw Acacia

Acer macrophyllum, Big Leaf Maple- [Arce]

Acer negundo, Box Elder

Achillea spp., Yarrow [Yerba de Muela]

Adenostoma fasciculatum, Chamise, Greasewood- [Chamiso, Romarillo]

Adenostoma sparsifolium, Redshanks

Adiantum spp. , Maidenhair Fern- [Culantrillo]

Aesculus californica, Califronia Buckeye- [Yerba del Pescado] *used to stun fish

Alnus rhombifolia, White Alder- [Aliso]

Anemopsis californica, Yerba Mansa- [Yerba Mansa, Yerba de Glope]

Apocynum cannabinum, Indian-Hemp- [Madregosa]

Arbutus menziesii, Pacific Madrone- [Madrona]

Arctostaphylos spp., Manzanita- [Manzanita] * various species used: i.e., ** **Arctostaphylos cuneatus, A. glandulosa, A. glauca, A. leucodermis, etc.

Artemisia douglasiana, Mugwort

Artemisia ludoviciana, Western Mugwort- [Estufiata]

Asclepias fascicularis, Milkweed

Baccharis pilularis, Coyote Bush/Brush or Chaparral Broom

Berberis aquifolium (=Mahonia aquifolium), Oregon-Grape

Berberis dictyota (=Mahonia dictyota), Crucifix Barberry or Arizona Mahonia

Berberis nevinii (=Mahonia nevinii), Nevin’s Mahonia, Santa Susana Mahonia

Berberis pinnata (=Mahonia pinnata), California Barberry

Bloomeria crocea, Common Goldstar

Brodiaea spp., various indigenous Brodiaea species

Calocedrus decurrens (=Libocedrus decurrens)- [Cedro], Incense Cedar

Calochortus spp., Mariposa Lily- [Mariposa] * several species taken from the wild

Ceanothus spp., Mountain Lilac and Ceanothus *perhaps 30 species utilized >>>

i.e. C. incanus (White Thorn), C. gloriosus (Point Reyes Ceanothus),

C. impressus (Santa Barbara Ceanothus), C. rigidus (Mountain Lilac),

C. rudis (Lompoc Ceanothus), C. spinosus (Red Heart),

C. thrysiflorus (Blue Blossom)

Centaurium venastrum (=Erythraea venusta), Pink Centaury [Canchiagua]

Cercis occidentalis, Western Redbud

Chamaebatia foliolsa, Mountain Misery, Bear’s Clover

Chlorogalum parviflorum, Soap Plant [Amole]

Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Soap Plant [Jamatai]

Clarkia amoena (=Godetia a., Godetia grandiflora), Farewell-to-Spring, Godetia

Clarkia unguiculata (=Clarkia elegans), Mountain Garland, Clarkia

Claytonia perfoliata, Miner’s-Lettuce

Clematis ligusticifolia, Virgin’s Bower, Creek Clematis [Yerba de Chiva, La Diosa]

Comarostaphylos diversifolia, Summer Holly

Coreopsis gigantea, Tree or Giant Coreopsis

Cornus stolonifera (=C. sericea), Creek Dogwood, Redtwig or Red-Osier Dogwood

Cryptantha intermedia, Wild Forget-Me-Not – [Nivetos]

Cucurbita foetidissima (=Cucurbita perennis), Wild Gourd/Pumpkin [Calabazilla]

Datura wrightii (=Datura anoxia, D. meteloides), Jimson Weed, Sacred Datura

[Tolache, and Mo’Moy (Chumash)]

Dendromecon harfordii (=Dendromecon rigida harfordii), Island Bush Poppy

Island Tree Poppy

Dichelostemma capitatum (=Brodiaea c., B. pulchella, D. pulchellum),

Blue-Dicks, Wild-Hyacinth

Dryopteris arguta, Coastal Wood Fern

Dudleya spp., Live-Forever species, including: Dudleya caespitosa, D. candelabrum,

Dudleya greenei, D. hassei, D. lanceolata, D. pulverulenta

(chalk-lettuce)

Ephedra californica, Ephedra

Epilobium canum canum (=Zauschneria californica),

California-Fuchsia or Zauschneria, Hummingbirds Trumpet- [Balsamea]

Equisetum hyemale, Horsetail, Giant Scouring Rush- [Canutino]

Erigeron glaucus (=Erigeron hispidus), Blue Beach Aster, Seaside Daisy

Eriodictyon californicum- Yerba Santa [Yerba Santa]

Eriodictyon capitatum- Lompoc Yerba Santa [Yerba Santa]

Eriodictyon crassifolium- Woolly-Leaf Yerba Santa [Yerba Santa]

Eriogonum fasciculatum, California Buckwheat

in Spanish, the plant flower is called [matanga]

Eriogonum grande rubescens, Island Red buckwheat

Eschscholzia californica, California or Golden Poppy [Amapola, Copa de Oro]

Fragaria chiloensis, Beach or Sand Strawberry

Fragaria vesca ssp. californica (=Fragaria californica),

Alpine Strawberry, Wood or Woodland Strawberry

Garrya elliptica, Coast Silktassel

Gnaphalium palustre, Lowland Cudweed [Gordolobo]

Grindelia robusta, Grindelia

Hemizonia lobii, Tarweed or Oil Plant

Heracleum tanaum, Cow Parsnip

Heteromeles arbutifolia (=Photinia arbutifolia), Toyon, Christmas Berry

California–Holly

Heuchera spp., Coral Bells & Alum Root

Heuchera maxima, Island Alum Root

Heuchera micrantha, Western Coral Bells

Iris douglasiana, Douglas Iris [Iris, Lirio]

Isomeris arborea (=Cleome isomeris), Bladderpod

Juglans californica, California balck Walnut [Nogal]

Juncus patens, California Gray Rush

Juncus textilis, Basket Rush

Juniperus californica, California Juniper, Fleabane

Lasthenia chrysostoma, Goldfields [Si me Quieres, No Me Quieres]

Lavatera assurgentiflora, Island Lavatera or Island Mallow or Malva Rose

Lepechinia calycina (=Sphacele calycina), Pitcher-Sage

Lilium humboldtii, Humboldt Lily

Lithocarpus densiflorus (=Quercus densiflorus), Tanbark Oak, Tan Oak

Lyonothamnus floribundus asplenifolius, Island Ironwood, Fern-Leaf Ironwood

Malosma laurina (=Rhus laurina), Laurel Sumac

Mentha spp., native Mints- [Yerba de Paso]

i.e., Mentha arvensis, [Tabardillo]

Mimulus auranticus, (=Diplacus a.), Monkey Flower

Mirabilis froebelii, Wild Four-O’Clock

Monardella villosa, Coyote-Mint [Poleo]

Muhlenbergia rigens, Deer Grass

Myrica californica, California Wax Myrtle

Nemophila maculata, Five-Spot Nemophilia

Nemophila menziesii, Baby Blue Eyes [Marianas]

Oenothera elata (=O. hookeri), Hooker’s Evening Primrose

Opuntia spp., Opuntia Cactus [Nopal, Manso]

Opuntia basilaris, Beavertail Cactus

Opuntia littoralis, Coastal Prickly-Pear

Opuntia oricola, Chapparal Prickly-Pear

Opuntia prolifera, Coastal Cholla

Osmorhiza brachypoda, Sweet Cicely

Paeonia californica, Wild Peony

Pinus spp., Pines [Pinos] * examples:

Pinus coulteri [Pino], P. muricata, P. radiata, P. sabiniana, P. torreyana, etc.

Pinus torreyana subspp. insularis, Santa Rosa Island Torrey Pine (island endemic)

Plantanus racemosa, California Sycamore, Western S., Buttonwood [Sicomoro]

Polypodium glycyrrbiza (=Polypodium vulgare occidentale),

California Sword Fern or Licorice Fern

Populus fremontii, Fremont Cottonwood, Western or Alamo Cottonwood [Balsamillo]

Populus trichocarpa (=Populus balsamifera trichocarpa), Black Cottonwood

Prunus ilicifolia ilicifolia, Islay Cherry and Hollyleaf or Holly-Leaved Cherry

Prunus ilicifolia lyonii (=Prunus lyonii), Catalina Cherry

Pteridium aquilinum, Braken Fern [Calahuala]

Quercus spp., Oak species *[Encina] are evergreen species, [Roble] are deciduous

i.e., Quercus agrifolia [Encina], Q. chrysolepis, Q. douglasii, Q. engelmannii,

Quercus kelloggii, Q. lobata [Roble], Q. tomentella, Q. wislizenii

Rhamnus californica, California Coffeeberry [Cascara Sagrada, Espina Sagrada]

R. c. ‘Little Sur’ a small-form cultivar

Rhus integrifolia, Lemonade Berry

Rhus laurina (see: Malosma laurina)

Rhus ovata, Sugar Bush

Ribes spp., Currant and Gooseberry species [Grosella] *Currants have smooth fruit- skins, while Gooseberries have armored fruit-skins, i.e., Ribes aureum, R. indecorum,

R. malvaceum, R. sanguineum glutinosum, R. speciosum, R. viburnifolium

Romneya spp., Matilija Poppy species

Romneya coulter, Matilija Poppy

Romneya trichocalyx, Maricopa or Hairy Matilija Poppy

Rubus ursinus, Wild Blackberry, Pacific Blackberry, Pacific Dewberry

Rosa californica, California or Wild Rose [Carmin]

* R. c. ‘Elsie’ a pink cultivar selection

Rumex hymenosepalis, Wild Rhubarb, Tanner’s Dock [Canigre]

Salix spp., Willow species [Sauce] * willow tree and shrub species, includes:

Salix bonplandiana (=S. laevigata), Red willow

Salix exigua (=S. hindsiana), Sand Bar willow

Salix goodingii, San Joaquin Willow

Salix lucida subsp. lasiandra (=S. lasiandra), Yellow Willow

Salix lasiolepis (=Salix franciscana), Arroyo Willow

Salvia spp., Sage species

Salvia apiana, Sacred White Sage, White Sage

Salvia columbariae, Chia (annual)

Salvia leucophylla, Purple Sage or Gray Sage

Salvia mellifera, Black Sage

Salvia spathacea, Hummingbird or Pitcher Sage

Sambucus mexicana (=S. caerulea, S. glauca), Blue Elderberry [Salgo]

Satureja douglasii (=Micromeria chamissonis), Yerba Buena [Yerba Buena]

Sequoia sempervirens, Coast Redwood [Secoya, Palo Colorado]

Shepherdia argentea, Silver Buffaloberry, Silverberry

Silene californica, California Indian Pink [Yerba del Indio]

Simmondsia chinensis (=Simmondsia californica), Jojoba and Goatnut, Sheep-nut

Sisyrinchium bellum (=Sisyrinchium idahoense bellum), Blue-Eyed Grass [Azulea]

Stachys bullata, Wood-Mint

Typha spp., Cattail and Bulrush species

Typha domingensis, Narrow-Leaved Cattail

Typha latifolia, Broad-Leaved Cattail

Toxicodendron diversilobum (=Rhus diversiloba), Western Poison Oak, Poison Oak

Trichostema lanatum, Woolly Blue Curls [Romero]

Umbellularia californica, California Bay, California Laurel, Oregon Myrtle,

Oregon Myrtlewood, Pepperwood

Vitis californica, California Wild Grape * V. c. ‘Roger’s Red’ a red-leaf selection

Vitis girdiana, Wild Valley Grape, Baja Grape

Yucca whipplei, Our Lord’s Candle, Spanish Bayonet, Quiote Plant